Motion alarms and alarm locks to deter tampering.
Alarms occupy the space between locks and trackers. They do not physically stop anyone, but a 110-decibel siren when someone lifts the rear wheel makes an opportunist walk away, and it buys time for a cutting attack to attract attention. For an e-bike parked at a store, a trailhead lot, or an apartment rack, an alarm is a cheap addition that changes a thief's calculation.
There are standalone motion alarms that bolt or strap to the frame and arm with a remote or app, alarm locks that combine a U-lock or chain with a built-in siren that triggers on cutting or movement, and alarms integrated into some e-bikes or aftermarket controllers. Look at loudness in decibels, how the sensitivity is adjusted, and how it is armed. A unit that false-alarms every time the wind rocks the bike gets turned off and becomes useless, so adjustable sensitivity and a short warning chirp before the full siren are features worth paying for.
Mount the alarm where it is hard to reach and pry off, and make sure it is weather-sealed; North Texas rain will kill a cheap unit in a season. Check battery life and whether it uses a replaceable or rechargeable cell. An alarm is one layer: keep the lock as the primary defense, use a tracker for recovery, and think of the alarm as the part that tells everyone nearby something is wrong. Test it once a month so you know it still arms, and replace the battery before it dies rather than after. An alarm you have not heard go off in a year may not go off at all.